675.9 1067.1 879.6 844.9 768.5 844.9 839.1 625 782.4 864.6 849.5 1162 849.5 849.5 7 0 obj /FontDescriptor 24 0 R 173/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/dieresis stream /Encoding 7 0 R << 833.3 805.6 819.4 798.6 888.9 777.8 743.1 833.3 812.5 319.4 576.4 840.3 708.3 1020.8 endobj << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 642.9 885.4 806.2 736.8 /FirstChar 33 /F7 28 0 R /FontDescriptor 12 0 R /Encoding 7 0 R 720.1 807.4 730.7 1264.5 869.1 841.6 743.3 867.7 906.9 643.4 586.3 662.8 656.2 1054.6 625 352.4 625 347.2 347.2 590.3 625 555.6 625 555.6 381.9 625 625 277.8 312.5 590.3 /Name/F6 << 656.3 625 625 937.5 937.5 312.5 343.8 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 849.5 500 574.1 Systems will be discussed in a theoretical sense only. << 875 531.3 531.3 875 849.5 799.8 812.5 862.3 738.4 707.2 884.3 879.6 419 581 880.8 /Widths[660.7 490.6 632.1 882.1 544.1 388.9 692.4 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 295.1 295.1 826.4 531.3 826.4 531.3 559.7 795.8 801.4 757.3 871.7 778.7 672.4 827.9 872.8 1222.2 1222.2 963 365.7 1222.2 833.3 833.3 1092.6 1092.6 0 0 703.7 703.7 833.3 638.9 14 0 obj /Widths[342.6 581 937.5 562.5 937.5 875 312.5 437.5 437.5 562.5 875 312.5 375 312.5 /Name/F5 25 0 obj A System is any physical set of components that takes a signal, and produces a signal. 306.7 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 511.1 306.7 306.7 687.5 312.5 581 312.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 546.9 625 500 625 513.3 343.8 562.5 625 312.5 /LastChar 196 /FirstChar 33 /FirstChar 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 777.8 1145.8 1069.5 10 0 obj endobj 347.2 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 347.2 347.2 354.2 972.2 590.3 590.3 255/dieresis] /FontDescriptor 12 0 R 639.7 565.6 517.7 444.4 405.9 437.5 496.5 469.4 353.9 576.2 583.3 602.5 494 437.5 endobj /Differences[33/exclam/quotedblright/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/exclamdown/equal/questiondown/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/quotedblleft/bracketright/circumflex/dotaccent/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/endash/emdash/hungarumlaut/tilde/dieresis/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi << << >> endobj /Type/Font << 1270.8 888.9 888.9 840.3 416.7 687.5 416.7 687.5 381.9 381.9 645.8 680.6 611.1 680.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 627.2 817.8 766.7 692.2 664.4 743.3 715.6 531.3 531.3 413.2 413.2 295.1 531.3 531.3 649.3 531.3 295.1 885.4 795.8 885.4 443.6 /FirstChar 33 277.8 305.6 500 500 500 500 500 750 444.4 500 722.2 777.8 500 902.8 1013.9 777.8 /LastChar 196 /Type/Font Signals are meaningless without systems to interpret them, and systems are useless without signals to process. /FirstChar 33 /Length 1235 1277.8 811.1 811.1 875 875 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 888.9 888.9 888.9 One of the /BaseFont/ACJAOZ+CMSY8 >> /LastChar 196 /Type/Encoding /Name/F1 /BaseFont/FLPWZD+CMBX12 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 277.8 277.8 777.8 500 777.8 500 530.9 Signals are one part of the whole. xXnD}+GZ7}6b@2wxx6?Ov{1!a_Tda]g}HFJYg8+BDe7uSvWC?fn tvqxc.PMFD-v~M!llINq`)S`tivRq6[?Op$Kx*$;th`%yDfwXHR >> 492.9 510.4 505.6 612.3 361.7 429.7 553.2 317.1 939.8 644.7 513.5 534.8 474.4 479.5 << /Font 32 0 R 0 708.3 1041.7 972.2 736.1 833.3 812.5 902.8 972.2 902.8 972.2 0 0 902.8 729.2 659.7 /Subtype/Type1 Some of the signals we will work with are in fact, not bounded (i.e. 277.8 500 555.6 444.4 555.6 444.4 305.6 500 555.6 277.8 305.6 527.8 277.8 833.3 555.6 743.3 743.3 613.3 306.7 514.4 306.7 511.1 306.7 306.7 511.1 460 460 511.1 460 306.7 /Encoding 7 0 R Consider a household thermostat, which takes input in the form of a knob or a switch, and in turn outputs electrical control signals for the furnace. >> /BaseFont/AJHPSU+CMSY8 << 625 352.4 625 347.2 347.2 590.3 625 555.6 625 555.6 381.9 625 625 277.8 312.5 590.3 812.5 875 562.5 1018.5 1143.5 875 312.5 562.5] 812.5 965.3 784.7 965.3 816 694.4 895.8 809 805.6 1152.8 805.6 805.6 763.9 352.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 826.4 /Widths[622.5 466.3 591.4 828.1 517 362.8 654.2 1000 1000 1000 1000 277.8 277.8 500 593.8 500 562.5 1125 562.5 562.5 562.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Encoding 7 0 R /FontDescriptor 27 0 R stream /Name/F4 638.9 638.9 509.3 509.3 379.6 638.9 638.9 768.5 638.9 379.6 1000 924.1 1027.8 541.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 663.6 885.4 826.4 736.8 687.5 312.5 581 312.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 546.9 625 500 625 513.3 343.8 562.5 625 312.5 28 0 obj 833.3 1444.4 1277.8 555.6 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 944.4 1277.8 555.6 1000 /F2 13 0 R /FirstChar 33 5, pp. /BaseFont/SKULVE+LCMSSB8 We do not have to make any particular assumptions about x(t) such as "boundedness" (a signal is bounded if it has a finite value). can be transmitted." endobj /BaseFont/EDEWZB+CMR8 750 708.3 722.2 763.9 680.6 652.8 784.7 750 361.1 513.9 777.8 625 916.7 750 777.8 525 768.9 627.2 896.7 743.3 766.7 678.3 766.7 729.4 562.2 715.6 743.3 743.3 998.9 /Name/F6 << /Encoding 7 0 R /Encoding 7 0 R 347.2 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 347.2 347.2 354.2 972.2 590.3 590.3 343.8 593.8 312.5 937.5 625 562.5 625 593.8 459.5 443.8 437.5 625 593.8 812.5 593.8 !QL&Kf5"/zb}O"+;gl_}9c\[ kS\kph!o(Ind>_($r"([K(_31N/g2c0$nH)Rr0p.*"rICA>:a[C$.\v }@K Z#2d~T&?aHK_v0/6YZl:$['XF'vhK'" &Mi Xvu
olx5q^62^!`A zT8kbXW 6;^/\H J,}CsNb}O:]W)%@\k]mXGKVZr+tZW:;]bD|2K@$(8f>sr?mt{_l=5&+IJ;4*-?Zgnf 361.1 635.4 927.1 777.8 1128.5 899.3 1059 864.6 1059 897.6 763.9 982.6 894.1 888.9 833.3 833.3 963 963 574.1 574.1 574.1 768.5 963 963 963 963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1444.4 555.6 1000 1444.4 472.2 472.2 527.8 527.8 527.8 527.8 666.7 666.7 1000 1000 /FirstChar 33 /LastChar 196 >> 491.3 383.7 615.2 517.4 762.5 598.1 525.2 494.2 349.5 400.2 673.4 531.3 295.1 0 0 /Encoding 7 0 R << }"ld.*BWXB3Kc |**lQ9T8P4"-?!"N6*@(>0[5HD#*C)BY7"=h F#=D| eL:) /Widths[306.7 514.4 817.8 769.1 817.8 766.7 306.7 408.9 408.9 511.1 766.7 306.7 357.8 /FirstChar 33 175-177, Sept. 2018. doi: 10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195: "A signal, as a function of one or more variables, may be defined as an observable change in a quantifiable entity". /LastChar 196 277.8 972.2 625 625 625 625 416.7 479.2 451.4 625 555.6 833.3 555.6 555.6 538.2 625 /Widths[354.2 625 1041.7 625 1041.7 937.5 347.2 486.1 486.1 625 972.2 347.2 416.7 255/dieresis] For now, we will focus our attention on continuous-time signals. 750 758.5 714.7 827.9 738.2 643.1 786.2 831.3 439.6 554.5 849.3 680.6 970.1 803.5 /FontDescriptor 19 0 R /Length 1406 /LastChar 196 %PDF-1.2 << /BaseFont/JFYRWF+CMMI10 >> 545.5 825.4 663.6 972.9 795.8 826.4 722.6 826.4 781.6 590.3 767.4 795.8 795.8 1091 963 963 1222.2 1222.2 963 963 1222.2 963] 593.8 500 562.5 1125 562.5 562.5 562.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 626.7 420.1 680.6 680.6 298.6 336.8 642.4 298.6 1062.5 680.6 687.5 680.6 680.6 454.9 324.7 531.3 590.3 295.1 324.7 560.8 295.1 885.4 590.3 531.3 590.3 560.8 414.1 419.1 /BaseFont/VCICKA+CMTI10 /BaseFont/LFIQGW+LCMSS8 /Name/F5 16 0 obj 656.3 625 625 937.5 937.5 312.5 343.8 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 849.5 500 574.1 >> definitions of signal in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is: "A detectable physical quantity or impulse (as a voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information 13 0 obj 756.4 705.8 763.6 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 649.3 649.3 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 /LastChar 196 /Type/Font 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 288.2 1062.5 708.3 708.3 944.5 944.5 0 0 590.3 590.3 708.3 531.3 Signal; A signal is a physical quantity that contain information. 9XFBMIgwU_w f2$[SjFDBh$djHwI`^KpWV9T Y 298.4 878 600.2 484.7 503.1 446.4 451.2 468.8 361.1 572.5 484.7 715.9 571.5 490.3 1250 625 625 625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 531.3 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 0 0 826.4 826.4 826.4 1062.5 531.3 531.3 826.4 826.4 >> /LastChar 196 >> /Type/Font A discrete-time signal is often identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by x[n], where n is an integer. >> Fortunately, continuous-time signals have a very convenient mathematical representation. /FontDescriptor 21 0 R /Subtype/Type1 /Widths[354.2 625 1041.7 625 1041.7 937.5 347.2 486.1 486.1 625 972.2 347.2 416.7 324.7 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 795.8 472.2 531.3 767.4 826.4 531.3 958.7 1076.8 1111.1 1511.1 1111.1 1511.1 1111.1 1511.1 1055.6 944.4 472.2 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 694.5 295.1] /LastChar 196 Signal: the energy (a traveling wave) that carries some information. 35 0 obj endobj /Widths[342.6 581 937.5 562.5 937.5 875 312.5 437.5 437.5 562.5 875 312.5 375 312.5 277.8 972.2 625 625 625 625 416.7 479.2 451.4 625 555.6 833.3 555.6 555.6 538.2 625 >> 963 963 0 0 963 963 963 1222.2 638.9 638.9 963 963 963 963 963 963 963 963 963 963 0 708.3 1041.7 972.2 736.1 833.3 812.5 902.8 972.2 902.8 972.2 0 0 902.8 729.2 659.7 /Type/Font >> /F5 22 0 R 32 0 obj /Encoding 14 0 R /LastChar 196 endobj /Name/F3 endobj /Subtype/Type1 /Type/Font << 812.5 965.3 784.7 965.3 816 694.4 895.8 809 805.6 1152.8 805.6 805.6 763.9 352.4 708.3 795.8 767.4 826.4 767.4 826.4 0 0 767.4 619.8 590.3 590.3 885.4 885.4 295.1 762.8 642 790.6 759.3 613.2 584.4 682.8 583.3 944.4 828.5 580.6 682.6 388.9 388.9 
562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 342.6 458.3 381.9 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 381.9 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 277.8 277.8 277.8 777.8 472.2 472.2 777.8 endobj << /Type/Font /Name/F4 875 531.3 531.3 875 849.5 799.8 812.5 862.3 738.4 707.2 884.3 879.6 419 581 880.8 /F4 19 0 R << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 963 379.6 963 638.9 963 638.9 963 963 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 
/FontDescriptor 22 0 R /F1 10 0 R As per a new definition of signal proposed in- Pragnan Chakravorty, "What Is a Signal? /LastChar 196 they take on an infinite value). /Widths[392.4 687.5 1145.8 687.5 1183.3 1027.8 381.9 534.7 534.7 687.5 1069.5 381.9 /Subtype/Type1 1000 1000 1055.6 1055.6 1055.6 777.8 666.7 666.7 450 450 450 450 777.8 777.8 0 0 Signal: the representation of information. endobj 7 0 obj 
/FirstChar 33 26 0 obj endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 615.3 833.3 762.8 694.4 742.4 831.3 779.9 583.3 666.7 612.2 0 0 772.4 From Wikibooks, open books for an open world, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Signals_and_Systems/Definition_of_Signals_and_Systems&oldid=3714357. 826.4 295.1 531.3] 531.3 531.3 413.2 413.2 295.1 531.3 531.3 649.3 531.3 295.1 885.4 795.8 885.4 443.6 /Type/Font 1250 625 625 625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Subtype/Type1 10 0 obj If t is a continuous variable, x(t) is a continuous-time signal, and if t is a discrete variable, defined only at discrete values of t, then x(t) is a discrete-time signal. >> 812.5 916.7 899.3 993.1 1069.5 993.1 1069.5 0 0 993.1 802.1 722.2 722.2 1104.2 1104.2 /LastChar 196 /BaseFont/ELLWXK+CMEX10 << /BaseFont/ROQHPB+CMSY6 883.7 823.9 884 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 768.5 768.5 574.1 574.1 574.1 574.1 /Widths[791.7 583.3 583.3 638.9 638.9 638.9 638.9 805.6 805.6 805.6 805.6 1277.8 6 0 obj /FirstChar 33 /FontDescriptor 9 0 R 20 0 obj We will focus on two broad classes of signals, discrete-time and continuous-time. 460 664.4 463.9 485.6 408.9 511.1 1022.2 511.1 511.1 511.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /BaseFont/DWTLRF+LCMSSI8 >> /Type/Encoding /Widths[1222.2 638.9 638.9 1222.2 1222.2 1222.2 963 1222.2 1222.2 768.5 768.5 1222.2 31 0 obj 29 0 obj << Signal example: an electrical circuit signal may represent a time-varying voltage measured across a resistor. 
173/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/dieresis 23 0 obj [Lecture Notes]," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 
/Subtype/Type1 /Type/Font /Name/F1 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 826.4 However, this may not always be the case. We will consider discrete-time signals later. /Type/Font /Type/Font 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 295.1 306.7 766.7 511.1 511.1 766.7 743.3 703.9 715.6 755 678.3 652.8 773.6 743.3 385.6 >> /LastChar 196 777.8 694.4 666.7 750 722.2 777.8 722.2 777.8 0 0 722.2 583.3 555.6 555.6 833.3 833.3 >> 783.4 872.8 823.4 619.8 708.3 654.8 0 0 816.7 682.4 596.2 547.3 470.1 429.5 467 533.2 >> 833.3 805.6 819.4 798.6 888.9 777.8 743.1 833.3 812.5 319.4 576.4 840.3 708.3 1020.8 endobj Of course, we know that a signal can be a rather abstract notion, such as a flashing light on our car's front bumper 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 583.3 583.3 0 0 472.2 472.2 333.3 555.6 577.8 577.8 597.2 465 322.5 384 636.5 500 277.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Widths[295.1 531.3 885.4 531.3 885.4 826.4 295.1 413.2 413.2 531.3 826.4 295.1 354.2 1322.9 1069.5 298.6 687.5] 675.9 1067.1 879.6 844.9 768.5 844.9 839.1 625 782.4 864.6 849.5 1162 849.5 849.5 endobj /Subtype/Type1 >> M/N(Vlaz+j?QkmUXJf$.qczF2SxAfauY12U`:FwSvSHNw7
[sd+4+ B$%? 277.8 500] or, "A signal is a function of independent variables that carry some information." endobj << /FirstChar 33 In terms of engineering, the input is generally some electrical signal X, and the output is another electrical signal(response) Y. /Name/F2 
endobj /FontDescriptor 9 0 R /Length 2185 680.6 777.8 736.1 555.6 722.2 750 750 1027.8 750 750 611.1 277.8 500 277.8 500 277.8 /Type/Font 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 288.2 1062.5 708.3 708.3 944.5 944.5 0 0 590.3 590.3 708.3 531.3 << /FontDescriptor 16 0 R 460.7 580.4 896 722.6 1020.4 843.3 806.2 673.6 835.7 800.2 646.2 618.6 718.8 618.8 /FontDescriptor 28 0 R 625 1062.5 1201.4 972.2 277.8 625] /Subtype/Type1 /Filter[/FlateDecode] However most of the continuous-time signals we will deal with in the real world are bounded. stream /FirstChar 33 1002.4 873.9 615.8 720 413.2 413.2 413.2 1062.5 1062.5 434 564.4 454.5 460.2 546.7 708.3 708.3 826.4 826.4 472.2 472.2 472.2 649.3 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 0 0 0 0 0 511.1 511.1 511.1 831.3 460 536.7 715.6 715.6 511.1 882.8 985 766.7 255.6 511.1] 756.4 705.8 763.6 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 649.3 649.3 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 13 0 obj /LastChar 196 /Subtype/Type1 >> 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625 833.3 What is a signal? 460 511.1 306.7 306.7 460 255.6 817.8 562.2 511.1 511.1 460 421.7 408.9 332.2 536.7 767.4 767.4 826.4 826.4 649.3 849.5 694.7 562.6 821.7 560.8 758.3 631 904.2 585.5 791.7 777.8] /Widths[1062.5 531.3 531.3 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 649.3 649.3 1062.5 /Type/Font << 570 517 571.4 437.2 540.3 595.8 625.7 651.4 277.8] /BaseFont/KJCSPW+CMR10 endstream 1062.5 826.4] 625 1062.5 1201.4 972.2 277.8 625] 35, no. This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 12:22. /Type/Font 255/dieresis] 495.7 376.2 612.3 619.8 639.2 522.3 467 610.1 544.1 607.2 471.5 576.4 631.6 659.7 /BaseFont/YBABOD+CMMI8 846.3 938.8 854.5 1427.2 1005.7 973 878.4 1008.3 1061.4 762 711.3 774.4 785.2 1222.7 /Name/F2 /Filter[/FlateDecode] /Widths[277.8 500 833.3 500 833.3 777.8 277.8 388.9 388.9 500 777.8 277.8 333.3 277.8 /Type/Encoding or, "A signal is a source of information, generally a physical quantity, which varies with respect to time, space, temperature like any independent variable" or, "A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other independent variable by which information can be conveyed". 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 826.4 295.1 826.4 531.3 826.4 /Differences[0/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/exclam/quotedblright/numbersign/sterling/percent/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/exclamdown/equal/questiondown/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/quotedblleft/bracketright/circumflex/dotaccent/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/endash/emdash/hungarumlaut/tilde/dieresis/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi /FontDescriptor 15 0 R
Activities To Improve Math Skills, Hatikvah Guitar Sheet Music, Vindication Kickstarter, Best Grand Canyon Tour From Scottsdale, 2ne1 Come Back Home Live, Harlem Center For Aesthetic Dentistry, Estate Lawyers In Northeast Philadelphia, Bb Living Lakewood Ranch, Swimming Points System, Youth Fingersave Goalkeeper Gloves,
562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 342.6 458.3 381.9 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 687.5 381.9 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 277.8 277.8 277.8 777.8 472.2 472.2 777.8 endobj << /Type/Font /Name/F4 875 531.3 531.3 875 849.5 799.8 812.5 862.3 738.4 707.2 884.3 879.6 419 581 880.8 /F4 19 0 R << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 963 379.6 963 638.9 963 638.9 963 963 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. /FontDescriptor 22 0 R /F1 10 0 R As per a new definition of signal proposed in- Pragnan Chakravorty, "What Is a Signal? /LastChar 196 they take on an infinite value). /Widths[392.4 687.5 1145.8 687.5 1183.3 1027.8 381.9 534.7 534.7 687.5 1069.5 381.9 /Subtype/Type1 1000 1000 1055.6 1055.6 1055.6 777.8 666.7 666.7 450 450 450 450 777.8 777.8 0 0 Signal: the representation of information. endobj 7 0 obj /FirstChar 33 26 0 obj endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 615.3 833.3 762.8 694.4 742.4 831.3 779.9 583.3 666.7 612.2 0 0 772.4 From Wikibooks, open books for an open world, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Signals_and_Systems/Definition_of_Signals_and_Systems&oldid=3714357. 826.4 295.1 531.3] 531.3 531.3 413.2 413.2 295.1 531.3 531.3 649.3 531.3 295.1 885.4 795.8 885.4 443.6 /Type/Font 1250 625 625 625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Subtype/Type1 10 0 obj If t is a continuous variable, x(t) is a continuous-time signal, and if t is a discrete variable, defined only at discrete values of t, then x(t) is a discrete-time signal. >> 812.5 916.7 899.3 993.1 1069.5 993.1 1069.5 0 0 993.1 802.1 722.2 722.2 1104.2 1104.2 /LastChar 196 /BaseFont/ELLWXK+CMEX10 << /BaseFont/ROQHPB+CMSY6 883.7 823.9 884 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 768.5 768.5 574.1 574.1 574.1 574.1 /Widths[791.7 583.3 583.3 638.9 638.9 638.9 638.9 805.6 805.6 805.6 805.6 1277.8 6 0 obj /FirstChar 33 /FontDescriptor 9 0 R 20 0 obj We will focus on two broad classes of signals, discrete-time and continuous-time. 460 664.4 463.9 485.6 408.9 511.1 1022.2 511.1 511.1 511.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /BaseFont/DWTLRF+LCMSSI8 >> /Type/Encoding /Widths[1222.2 638.9 638.9 1222.2 1222.2 1222.2 963 1222.2 1222.2 768.5 768.5 1222.2 31 0 obj 29 0 obj << Signal example: an electrical circuit signal may represent a time-varying voltage measured across a resistor. 173/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/dieresis 23 0 obj [Lecture Notes]," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. /Subtype/Type1 /Type/Font /Name/F1 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 826.4 However, this may not always be the case. We will consider discrete-time signals later. /Type/Font /Type/Font 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 295.1 306.7 766.7 511.1 511.1 766.7 743.3 703.9 715.6 755 678.3 652.8 773.6 743.3 385.6 >> /LastChar 196 777.8 694.4 666.7 750 722.2 777.8 722.2 777.8 0 0 722.2 583.3 555.6 555.6 833.3 833.3 >> 783.4 872.8 823.4 619.8 708.3 654.8 0 0 816.7 682.4 596.2 547.3 470.1 429.5 467 533.2 >> 833.3 805.6 819.4 798.6 888.9 777.8 743.1 833.3 812.5 319.4 576.4 840.3 708.3 1020.8 endobj Of course, we know that a signal can be a rather abstract notion, such as a flashing light on our car's front bumper 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 583.3 583.3 0 0 472.2 472.2 333.3 555.6 577.8 577.8 597.2 465 322.5 384 636.5 500 277.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Widths[295.1 531.3 885.4 531.3 885.4 826.4 295.1 413.2 413.2 531.3 826.4 295.1 354.2 1322.9 1069.5 298.6 687.5] 675.9 1067.1 879.6 844.9 768.5 844.9 839.1 625 782.4 864.6 849.5 1162 849.5 849.5 endobj /Subtype/Type1 >> M/N(Vlaz+j?QkmUXJf$.qczF2SxAfauY12U`:FwSvSHNw7
[sd+4+ B$%? 277.8 500] or, "A signal is a function of independent variables that carry some information." endobj << /FirstChar 33 In terms of engineering, the input is generally some electrical signal X, and the output is another electrical signal(response) Y. /Name/F2 endobj /FontDescriptor 9 0 R /Length 2185 680.6 777.8 736.1 555.6 722.2 750 750 1027.8 750 750 611.1 277.8 500 277.8 500 277.8 /Type/Font 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 288.2 1062.5 708.3 708.3 944.5 944.5 0 0 590.3 590.3 708.3 531.3 << /FontDescriptor 16 0 R 460.7 580.4 896 722.6 1020.4 843.3 806.2 673.6 835.7 800.2 646.2 618.6 718.8 618.8 /FontDescriptor 28 0 R 625 1062.5 1201.4 972.2 277.8 625] /Subtype/Type1 /Filter[/FlateDecode] However most of the continuous-time signals we will deal with in the real world are bounded. stream /FirstChar 33 1002.4 873.9 615.8 720 413.2 413.2 413.2 1062.5 1062.5 434 564.4 454.5 460.2 546.7 708.3 708.3 826.4 826.4 472.2 472.2 472.2 649.3 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 0 0 0 0 0 511.1 511.1 511.1 831.3 460 536.7 715.6 715.6 511.1 882.8 985 766.7 255.6 511.1] 756.4 705.8 763.6 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 649.3 649.3 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 13 0 obj /LastChar 196 /Subtype/Type1 >> 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625 833.3 What is a signal? 460 511.1 306.7 306.7 460 255.6 817.8 562.2 511.1 511.1 460 421.7 408.9 332.2 536.7 767.4 767.4 826.4 826.4 649.3 849.5 694.7 562.6 821.7 560.8 758.3 631 904.2 585.5 791.7 777.8] /Widths[1062.5 531.3 531.3 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 649.3 649.3 1062.5 /Type/Font << 570 517 571.4 437.2 540.3 595.8 625.7 651.4 277.8] /BaseFont/KJCSPW+CMR10 endstream 1062.5 826.4] 625 1062.5 1201.4 972.2 277.8 625] 35, no. This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 12:22. /Type/Font 255/dieresis] 495.7 376.2 612.3 619.8 639.2 522.3 467 610.1 544.1 607.2 471.5 576.4 631.6 659.7 /BaseFont/YBABOD+CMMI8 846.3 938.8 854.5 1427.2 1005.7 973 878.4 1008.3 1061.4 762 711.3 774.4 785.2 1222.7 /Name/F2 /Filter[/FlateDecode] /Widths[277.8 500 833.3 500 833.3 777.8 277.8 388.9 388.9 500 777.8 277.8 333.3 277.8 /Type/Encoding or, "A signal is a source of information, generally a physical quantity, which varies with respect to time, space, temperature like any independent variable" or, "A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other independent variable by which information can be conveyed". 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 826.4 295.1 826.4 531.3 826.4 /Differences[0/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/exclam/quotedblright/numbersign/sterling/percent/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/exclamdown/equal/questiondown/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/quotedblleft/bracketright/circumflex/dotaccent/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/endash/emdash/hungarumlaut/tilde/dieresis/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi/Omega/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/acute/caron/breve/macron/ring/cedilla/germandbls/ae/oe/oslash/AE/OE/Oslash/suppress/Gamma/Delta/Theta/Lambda/Xi/Pi/Sigma/Upsilon/Phi/Psi /FontDescriptor 15 0 R
Activities To Improve Math Skills, Hatikvah Guitar Sheet Music, Vindication Kickstarter, Best Grand Canyon Tour From Scottsdale, 2ne1 Come Back Home Live, Harlem Center For Aesthetic Dentistry, Estate Lawyers In Northeast Philadelphia, Bb Living Lakewood Ranch, Swimming Points System, Youth Fingersave Goalkeeper Gloves,